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Letter of Credit（信用證）
The letter of credit is the bank instrument that assures the person selling merchandise of payment if he makes the agreed-upon shipment. On the other hand， it also assures the buyer that he is not required to pay until the seller ships the goods. It is thus a catalyst that provides the buyer and the seller with mutual protection in dealing with each other.
信用證是銀行對(duì)銷售商品者已裝運(yùn)訂購(gòu)的出口貨物承擔(dān)付款保證的信用工具。另一方面，它還向買方保證，直到賣方裝運(yùn)貨物才需付款。因此，正是這種催化劑，它在購(gòu)貨方和銷貨方的交易過(guò)程中對(duì)雙方都提供相互的保護(hù)作用。
An international trading transaction begins when a buyer and a seller sign a contract that records all the elements of the transaction. Having worked out an agreement， the buyer and seller must arrange payment. The buyer will want possession before paying， and the seller will want payment before making delivery. Since each party often has an incomplete knowledge of the other， there is a certain caution to their dealings.
當(dāng)買方和賣方簽署了記錄所有交易要素的合同時(shí)，一筆國(guó)際間的交易業(yè)務(wù)就開(kāi)始了。簽訂好協(xié)議，買方和賣方就支付貨款事項(xiàng)做出安排。買方想在付款前擁有貨物，賣方想在交貨前獲得貨款，由于一方常常對(duì)另一方并不十分了解，所以對(duì)彼此的交易存有戒心。
At this point， the letter of credit can be extremely useful. The buyer requests his bank to issue a letter of credit in favor of the seller. The letter says， in essence， to the seller： we，the bank， promise that we will pay you when you submit certain documents evidencing that you have made the agreed-upon shipment. The bank has thus substituted its credit for that of the buyer. The letter of credit also protects the buyer， for he knows that he will not be called upon for payment by his bank until the evidence shows that the shipment has actually been effected.
就這個(gè)問(wèn)題而言，信用證非常有用。買方要求其開(kāi)戶行開(kāi)出以賣方為受益人的信用證，信用證對(duì)銷售方主要說(shuō)明：“當(dāng)你提供有關(guān)單據(jù)證明你已經(jīng)裝運(yùn)購(gòu)貨方所訂購(gòu)的貨物時(shí)，我們銀行同意付款”。這樣，銀行以自己的信用代替了買方的信用。該信用證還保護(hù)了買方，因?yàn)樗?，只到有證據(jù)表明貨物確已裝運(yùn)時(shí)銀行才會(huì)要他付款。
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